New Tesla-valve-inspired Heat Exchanger Based Passive Safety System for Nuclear Reactor (Dual PhD: University of Liverpool & NTHU) University of Liverpool in United Kingdom

This dual PhD project, jointly offered by the University of Liverpool and National Tsing Hua University (NTHU), focuses on developing a Tesla-valve-inspired heat exchanger for passive safety systems in nuclear reactors. The research addresses a critical challenge in nuclear energy: safely removing decay heat during emergency shutdowns or accidents to prevent reactor overheating and ensure resilient operation of next-generation compact reactors.

The project leverages the natural circulation loop (NCL), a passive heat removal strategy that operates without external power or mechanical components, thus enhancing reliability and safety. However, NCLs are prone to flow instabilities and their performance is highly dependent on the efficiency of the heat exchanger. This research aims to overcome these challenges by designing and evaluating a heat exchanger inspired by the Tesla valve—a passive check valve with no moving parts that suppresses reverse flow and improves flow directionality. The integration of two-phase flow and vapor bubble dynamics is expected to further accelerate circulation and enhance heat transfer efficiency.

By advancing passive safety technologies for nuclear reactors, the project supports SDG 9, fostering innovation, building resilient infrastructure, and promoting sustainable industrial development in the clean energy sector. The research will deepen understanding of thermal-hydraulic behavior in passive systems and contribute to technological innovation in nuclear energy.

The dual PhD structure offers students a unique opportunity to earn two PhD awards from internationally recognized institutions. The first two years are spent at the University of Liverpool under the supervision of Dr Sambhaji Kadam, followed by two years at NTHU with Dr Hsingtzu Wu. Students benefit from access to large-scale national facilities in both countries and can build a global network across two continents.

Funding is comprehensive: tuition fees are waived for the entire four-year program, and a maintenance stipend is provided. Students receive TWD 15,233/month while in Taiwan and the UKRI Studentship rate (£20,780/year for 2025-26, rising with inflation) while in Liverpool. Additional support is available through a Research Training Support Grant for consumables and conference attendance. Outstanding international students may be eligible for further scholarships, and applicants with disabilities or caring responsibilities are encouraged to apply, with potential access to Disabled Students Allowance.

Applicants should have a strong academic background in Mechanical Engineering or a related field, with expertise in fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and heat transfer. The University of Liverpool is committed to diversity and inclusion, offering reasonable project adaptations to support students from all backgrounds.

To apply, candidates must complete the University of Liverpool online postgraduate research application form for a PhD in Mechanical Engineering, including the project title and reference number NTHU007. The application deadline is March 15, 2026.