This PhD project at The University of Manchester investigates the influence of residual elements on the mechanical and microstructural performance of Reduced Activation Ferritic-Martensitic (RAFM) steels, which are critical for fusion reactor applications. The research is motivated by the global push to reduce CO₂ emissions, particularly in the steel industry, which is a major contributor to greenhouse gases. The project aligns with the UK's decarbonization strategy, emphasizing the transition to electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking and the use of recycled steel scrap to lower the carbon footprint. RAFM steels are primary structural materials for fusion reactors such as ITER and STEP, operating under extreme conditions including high neutron irradiation, temperatures above 650°C, and strong magnetic fields. These harsh environments exacerbate the effects of residual elements, which can segregate at grain boundaries and interfaces, leading to embrittlement and mechanical degradation. Understanding these effects is crucial for enabling higher levels of steel recycling without compromising material performance. The project will develop and apply advanced experimental methods to simulate operational conditions, using state-of-the-art facilities at the University of Manchester and the Royce Institute. Techniques include in-situ Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) with heating holders, heavy-ion irradiation as a surrogate for neutron damage, and controlled helium implantation. The research aims to clarify how elements like sulfur, phosphorus, copper, manganese, silicon, nickel, and molybdenum affect microstructural evolution and mechanical properties under service conditions. Outcomes will inform guidelines for tolerating higher impurity levels in recycled steels, supporting sustainable steelmaking and the design of next-generation RAFM steels. The project offers access to world-class research infrastructure and a collaborative environment, reinforcing the UK's leadership in fusion materials development. Eligibility: Applicants should have, or expect to achieve, at least a 2.1 honours degree or a master’s (or international equivalent) in a relevant science or engineering discipline. English language proficiency is required if applicable. Funding: This is a 3.5-year PhD. Excellent candidates will be nominated for faculty funding, with application deadlines on 19th December 2025 and, if needed, 13th March 2026. Additional scholarships and studentships are available for both UK and international students. Application Process: Apply online via the University of Manchester website. Contact the supervisors before applying and include a paragraph about your motivation. Submit all required documents, including transcripts, CV, supporting statement, and referee details. Incomplete applications will not be considered. For further information, contact Dr Peng Gong at [email protected] or the admissions team at [email protected].

This fully funded PhD opportunity at The University of Manchester, in partnership with the Henry Royce Institute and Rolls-Royce, focuses on the rapid development and optimisation of environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) for ceramic matrix composite (CMC) components in next-generation aero-engines. The project is part of cohort 3 of the EPSRC CDT in Developing National Capability for Materials 4.0, offering a unique interdisciplinary research environment and industrial collaboration. Silicon carbide-based ceramic matrix composites (SiC-SiC CMCs) are revolutionising aeroengine design by replacing traditional nickel-based superalloys, thanks to their superior high-temperature mechanical properties and significantly lower density. However, these advanced materials require robust EBCs to protect against steam corrosion in the harsh gas-turbine environment. Without effective EBCs, CMC components degrade rapidly, limiting their operational lifespan. Current state-of-the-art EBCs use ytterbium disilicate applied via air plasma spraying (APS), but this project will explore electrophoretic deposition (EPD) as a cost-effective, versatile alternative that allows precise control over coating chemistry and microstructure. Led by Professors Ping Xiao and Philip Withers, the research will build on recent advances in EPD of ytterbium disilicates, developed at Manchester, to manufacture EBCs with superior performance compared to APS coatings. The student will develop high-throughput methods for making, characterising, and testing a wide range of EBC compositions and powders, enabling a data-centric approach to materials innovation. Fast characterisation and mechanical testing techniques will be established to support rapid screening and optimisation. A key aspect of the project is the integration of digital twinning and machine learning to model the relationships between EPD processing conditions, microstructural features, mechanical behaviour, and overall coating performance. This approach aims to accelerate the discovery of optimal formulations and processing parameters, setting new standards for the development of advanced coatings in aerospace and beyond. The successful candidate will join a large, collaborative research team and work closely with Rolls-Royce, gaining exposure to industrial challenges and cutting-edge materials research. The studentship covers full tuition fees (for both home and international students), a tax-free stipend of at least £20,780, London allowance if applicable, and a research training support grant. Up to 30% of studentships are available to outstanding international applicants, and early applications are encouraged. Applicants should have a strong background in materials science, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, chemistry, or a related field. Experience with experimental research, data analysis, or machine learning is advantageous. The CDT is committed to equality, diversity, and inclusion, and welcomes applications from underrepresented groups. To apply, visit the University of Manchester postgraduate application portal, select Postgraduate Research, the 2026/27 academic year, and CDT in Materials 4.0. For technical queries, contact Prof Ping Xiao at [email protected]. For general enquiries, email [email protected]. The application deadline is March 3, 2026. For further reading, see the related publication: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010938X25001805 .