This PhD project at the University of York’s Department of Chemistry focuses on developing new chemical strategies for the controlled release of biologically active gaseous signalling molecules (GSMs) such as nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These molecules play crucial roles in cellular signalling and have significant therapeutic potential at low concentrations. The project aims to address the current lack of general methodologies for the triggered release of multiple GSMs in biological environments, with an emphasis on low toxicity and stimulus-responsive mechanisms. The research will pioneer the use of radical fragmentation reactions to release GSMs on demand. The approach involves synthesising prototype compounds that generate radical intermediates upon initiation, using established synthetic organic protocols. The project will require substantial multi-step synthesis, followed by the development of methods to trigger fragmentation and GSM release via photochemical excitation, thermal degradation, or reaction with other radicals (such as reactive oxygen species). Characterisation of short-lived radical intermediates will be performed using advanced trapping techniques developed by the group, and the release of gaseous molecules will be monitored by gas chromatography. Mechanistic studies will help optimise precursor structures for efficient GSM release. The project is highly interdisciplinary, combining synthetic organic chemistry, physical organic/mechanistic chemistry, and analytical chemistry. Training will be provided in techniques such as NMR, mass spectrometry, EPR spectroscopy, and data analysis, alongside transferable skills and professional development through the department’s cohort-based programme. The Department of Chemistry at York is recognised for its commitment to equality, diversity, and inclusion, holding an Athena SWAN Gold Award and participating in the YCEDE project to support under-represented groups. Funding for the PhD is available through the Department, EPSRC, or Chemistry Wild Fund, covering tuition, stipend, and research costs, with opportunities for conference attendance and external training. Applicants should have or expect at least a UK upper second class degree in Chemistry or a related field, and meet English language requirements if applicable. The application deadline is 6 January 2026, with interviews for shortlisted candidates in February. For further details, candidates are encouraged to contact the supervisor and consult the university’s application guidance.

This PhD project at the University of York’s Department of Chemistry focuses on the development of dynamic, switchable supramolecular assemblies using ionic bonding—a powerful but underexplored alternative to hydrogen bonding in supramolecular chemistry. Unlike covalent bonds, non-covalent interactions such as ionic bonds are reversible and can be switched on or off by chemical reactions that alter the charge of functional groups. The research aims to create responsive supramolecular structures by synthesizing building blocks capable of reversible charge generation through nucleophilic substitution, proton transfer, and single electron transfer reactions. The project will utilize advanced techniques including EPR spectroscopy (with access to two spectrometers), NMR, and mass spectrometry to study stable free radicals and the properties of the new assemblies. In the second phase, polyfunctional molecules with switchable ionic groups—such as dendrimers and nanoparticles—will be developed to self-assemble into oligomeric or polymeric materials with tunable properties. The research group offers expertise in supramolecular and nanoscale chemistry, mechanistic chemistry of free radicals, and EPR spectroscopy, providing a rich interdisciplinary training environment. Students will receive comprehensive training in synthetic and physical organic chemistry, analytical methods, and data analysis, as well as transferable skills through the department’s cohort-based training programme. The department is committed to equality, diversity, and widening participation, with initiatives to support under-represented groups. Funding is available for tuition, stipend, and research costs, with opportunities to attend conferences and external training. Applicants should have or expect to achieve at least a UK upper second class degree in Chemistry or a related subject, and meet English language requirements if applicable. The application process includes online submission, possible supervisor contact, and panel interviews for shortlisted candidates. The project offers a unique opportunity to contribute to a novel area of supramolecular chemistry and develop a broad skill set in a supportive and inclusive environment.