Steel Recycling in a Circular Economy: Modelling Future Scrap Flows, Quality, and Technologies for Improving Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking (UK/US/EU) University College London in United Kingdom

The global steel industry is responsible for over 7% of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, making emissions reduction in steel production a critical engineering challenge. This PhD project at University College London (UCL) focuses on steel recycling via Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) technology, which can reduce the carbon intensity of steelmaking by up to 75% compared to traditional methods. The project aims to address technical, logistical, and systemic barriers to scaling high-quality steel recycling, with a particular emphasis on scrap availability, quality, and recycling infrastructure across the UK, US, and EU.

Working at the intersection of industrial ecology, materials science, and industrial policy, the research will develop novel quantitative models and generate evidence relevant to both academia and industry. The project is structured around three interconnected research streams:

• Technical analysis of recycling technologies and scrap classification: Systematic assessment of current and emerging EAF recycling technologies, scrap classification standards, and research trends to identify gaps, innovation opportunities, and barriers to scaling high-quality recycling.
• Dynamic Stock-Flow modelling of end-of-life steel: Mapping and modelling future end-of-life steel availability using dynamic material flow analysis (MFA), developing scenarios for secondary steel supply, recycled content targets, and quality maintenance under different assumptions.
• Sectoral material flow models: Evaluation and extension of existing material flow models for steel in infrastructure, construction, automotive, and other sectors to improve understanding of scrap origins, circulation, and quality losses.

The research directly supports the global transition to a low-carbon economy and sustainable industrial infrastructure, aligning with SDGs 9 and 12. The candidate will use a range of quantitative research methods, including material flow analysis, life cycle assessment, and systems modelling, and will be based at UCL’s Department of Civil, Environmental & Geomatic Engineering (Bloomsbury Campus).

Funding: The position is a fully funded 3.5-year PhD studentship, covering international fees and providing a tax-free stipend of £23,466 per annum in Year 1, with increases in line with inflation.

Eligibility and Requirements: Applicants should hold a strong first degree (or equivalent) in engineering, environmental science, industrial ecology, materials science, or a related quantitative discipline. Experience or strong interest in material flow analysis, life cycle assessment, or systems modelling, and proficiency in quantitative methods and programming (Python, R, MATLAB, or GIS tools) are required. Excellent written and oral communication skills in English are essential. Prior industry experience in material production or recycling technologies is not required but will be considered an asset.

Application Process: Applications can be submitted directly via UCL’s application portal or by email to Dr Lukas Gast with a motivation letter, CV, and research proposal (maximum 1,000 words), followed by formal submission via UCL’s application form. The research proposal should clearly define research questions and objectives, outline methodology, and include a concise literature review. The preferred method is through the UCL portal.

Deadline: Applications must be submitted by 19 June 2026.

This opportunity is ideal for ambitious researchers interested in sustainable manufacturing, materials science, and quantitative modelling, offering direct impact on the global transition to low-carbon steel production.