PhD: Influence of Residual Elements on Mechanical and Microstructural Performance of RAFM Steels in Fusion Reactors The University of Manchester in United Kingdom

This PhD project at The University of Manchester investigates the influence of residual elements on the mechanical and microstructural performance of Reduced Activation Ferritic-Martensitic (RAFM) steels, which are critical for fusion reactor applications. The research is motivated by the global push to reduce CO₂ emissions, particularly in the steel industry, which is a major contributor to greenhouse gases. The project aligns with the UK's decarbonization strategy, emphasizing the transition to electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking and the use of recycled steel scrap to lower the carbon footprint.

RAFM steels are primary structural materials for fusion reactors such as ITER and STEP, operating under extreme conditions including high neutron irradiation, temperatures above 650°C, and strong magnetic fields. These harsh environments exacerbate the effects of residual elements, which can segregate at grain boundaries and interfaces, leading to embrittlement and mechanical degradation. Understanding these effects is crucial for enabling higher levels of steel recycling without compromising material performance.

The project will develop and apply advanced experimental methods to simulate operational conditions, using state-of-the-art facilities at the University of Manchester and the Royce Institute. Techniques include in-situ Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) with heating holders, heavy-ion irradiation as a surrogate for neutron damage, and controlled helium implantation. The research aims to clarify how elements like sulfur, phosphorus, copper, manganese, silicon, nickel, and molybdenum affect microstructural evolution and mechanical properties under service conditions.

Outcomes will inform guidelines for tolerating higher impurity levels in recycled steels, supporting sustainable steelmaking and the design of next-generation RAFM steels. The project offers access to world-class research infrastructure and a collaborative environment, reinforcing the UK's leadership in fusion materials development.

Eligibility: Applicants should have, or expect to achieve, at least a 2.1 honours degree or a master’s (or international equivalent) in a relevant science or engineering discipline. English language proficiency is required if applicable.

Funding: This is a 3.5-year PhD. Excellent candidates will be nominated for faculty funding, with application deadlines on 19th December 2025 and, if needed, 13th March 2026. Additional scholarships and studentships are available for both UK and international students.

Application Process: Apply online via the University of Manchester website. Contact the supervisors before applying and include a paragraph about your motivation. Submit all required documents, including transcripts, CV, supporting statement, and referee details. Incomplete applications will not be considered.

For further information, contact Dr Peng Gong at [email protected] or the admissions team at [email protected].