Alessandro Antonelli

Objective To perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis of trials comparing trimodal therapy (TMT) and radical cystectomy (RC), evaluating differences in terms of oncological outcomes, quality of life, and costs. Materials and Methods In July 2023, a literature search of multiple databases was conducted to identify studies analysing patients with cT2‐4 N any M0 muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (MIBC; Patients) receiving TMT (Intervention) compared to RC (Comparison), to evaluate survival outcomes, recurrence rates, costs, and quality of life (Outcomes). The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). Secondary outcomes were cancer‐specific survival (CSS) and metastasis‐free survival (MFS). Hazard ratios (HRs) were used to analyse survival outcomes according to different treatment modalities and odds ratios were used to evaluate the likelihood of receiving each type of treatment according to T stage. Results No significant difference in terms of OS was observed between RC and TMT (HR 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.81–1.4; P = 0.6), even when analysing radiation therapy regimens ≥60 Gy (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.69–1.52; P = 0.9). No significant difference was observed in CSS (HR 1.12, 95% CI 0.79–1.57, P = 0.5) or MFS (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.66–1.16; P = 0.3). The mean cost of TMT was significantly higher than that of RC ($289 142 vs $148 757; P < 0.001), with greater effectiveness in terms of cost per quality‐adjusted life‐year. TMT ensured significantly higher general quality‐of‐life scores. Conclusion Trimodal therapy appeared to yield comparable oncological outcomes to RC concerning OS, CSS and MFS, while providing superior patient quality of life and cost effectiveness.