Cinzia Amici

Electric transport vehicles offer sustainable transportation solutions with benefits, such as reduced emissions, noise, and operating costs. This paper draws an overview of the available technical solutions to actuate transport vehicles with electric drives, as depicted by patent literature. A dataset of 1784 patents was created; the documents were selected through a systematic approach, and the patents were then classified according to a number of user-defined categories. The dataset was analyzed by applying two different methods: (i) a quantitative analysis (literature overview), enabling glance evaluations about the defined categories, and (ii) a qualitative analysis (detailed analysis), which focuses on the detection of interesting design features or innovative solutions. The results of this work not only provide an alternative and complementary overview to the analysis of solutions that may emerge from a scientific literature review, but can also offer support in strategic planning to companies wishing to protect their innovations and remain competitive in the evolving market of transport vehicles.

Usability is a critical product feature and is required for widespread market adoption. Standards on usability are highly focused on evaluation procedures and specific aspects, such as software issues or human–machine interaction, whereas the relative scientific literature is very normative oriented. The few methodological works dealing with usability either consider it as one of the many attributes that a particular project must satisfy or present very general methods. No design methods systematically oriented toward the integration of usability and usability-related constraints have been developed to date. This paper presents a usability-oriented model for the design of medical devices and its application to the design of LEPRE, a medical device for upper- and lower-limb robotic rehabilitation. Two methods were used to assess the device’s usability: interviews with experts to outline qualitative evaluations and System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaires on eight physiotherapists, two physiatrists, and 12 patients, enabling a quantitative assessment. Results support the intention of providing an integrated methodological approach to be applied from the early stages of the project, thus saving time and costs, leading to a more linear product development for this application.