Edmund Chiong

Within the heterogeneous population of patients with bacillus Calmette‐Guérin failure, there are clear differences in prognosis and therapy with regard to the timeline when bacillus Calmette‐Guérin failure occurred. There are a variety of classifications which include bacillus Calmette‐Guérin refractory disease, relapsing, unresponsive, and intolerant. Further profiling of these patients may help to shed light on other forms of therapy that are less radical. We hereby summarize the different biomarkers that predicts for response to bacillus Calmette‐Guérin immunotherapy and bacillus Calmette‐Guérin failure for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer.