Fahid Riaz

Using modern machines like robots comes with its set of challenges when encountered with unstructured scenarios like occlusion, shadows, poor illumination, and other environmental factors. Hence, it is essential to consider these factors while designing harvesting robots. Fruit harvesting robots are modern automatic machines that have the ability to improve productivity and replace labor for repetitive and laborious harvesting tasks. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to design an improved orange-harvesting robot for a real-time unstructured environment of orchards, mainly focusing on improved efficiency in occlusion and varying illumination. The article distinguishes itself with not only an efficient structural design but also the use of an enhanced convolutional neural network, methodologically designed and fine-tuned on a dataset tailored for oranges integrated with position visual servoing control system. Enhanced motion planning uses an improved rapidly exploring random tree star algorithm that ensures the optimized path for every robot activity. Moreover, the proposed machine design is rigorously tested to validate the performance of the fruit harvesting robot. The unique aspect of this paper is the in-depth evaluation of robots to test five areas of performance that include not only the accurate detection of the fruit, time of fruit picking, and success rate of fruit picking, but also the damage rate of fruit picked as well as the consistency rate of the robot picking in varying illumination and occlusion. The results are then analyzed and compared with the performance of a previous design of fruit harvesting robot. The study ensures improved results in most aspects of the design for performance in an unstructured environment.