Galina M. Hayes

Objective To develop and describe a minimally invasive technique for excisional biopsy of the axillary lymph nodes in dogs. Study design Descriptive cadaver and clinical case series. Animals Four canine cadavers and three clinical patients. Methods A 3D computed tomographic reconstruction of the canine axilla was used to identify an optimal avenue of approach to the lymph nodes. This approach was refined using endoscopic techniques in four cadavers (six procedures) and potential surgical hazards, landmarks, and the surgical time required for excisional biopsy of the nodes was recorded. The procedure was then performed in three clinical cases. Results Axillary lymph node removal was achieved using an endoscopic technique with surgical times of 58 and 35 minutes in two of three clinical cases. The third case required conversion to an open approach after endoscopic identification of the node. No major complications were encountered. Conclusion Excisional biopsy of the axillary lymph nodes can be performed successfully using a minimally invasive technique in the dog. Further investigation in clinical cases is needed to determine the risks and complications of this procedure. Clinical significance Minimally invasive excisional biopsy of the axillary lymph nodes in dogs can be performed and may have a role in assisting with staging and local disease control in oncologic cases.