Gurpreet KN

The significance of Autoimmune Disorders (Ads) is underscored by their chronic nature, high maintenance costs, and complexity affecting numerous organs and tissues. A more comprehensive approach to treating Ads is required across patient populations. A revo-lutionary area for obtaining an integrated therapeutic option is natural phytoconstituents. Di-verse biomolecules with promising properties can be found in abundance in the marine envi-ronment. Many substances have been identified from sponges, bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria, and algae that have been shown to have immunomodulatory activities and may be used as possible treatments for Ads. Marine-derived bioactive substances have been demonstrated to affect immunological responses and to be essential in immunotherapies. The amount of in-formation about the specific effects of substances obtained from marine sources utilized as di-etary supplements or for treating immune-related diseases is growing. This paper discusses many sources of potential marine metabolic chemicals, such as maritime flora and fauna. Nu-merous marine phytoconstituents have recently been isolated, described, and identified, and they are currently undergoing human usage studies. We have attempted to consolidate infor-mation concerning phytoconstituents from marine sources with anti-inflammatory and im-munomodulatory properties in this review, and we have briefly explored their methods of ac-tion. In order to provide a baseline of knowledge for promoting marine flora-based phytocon-stituents in the current context of increasing Ads incidence, deprived of the more affordable, safe, and effective medications to combat the terrible human disease, this paper reviews the works thus far conducted on this aspect.

Metabolic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes, have become the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Gut microbiota appears to play a vital role in human disease and health, according to recent scientific reports. The gut microbiota plays an important role in sustaining host physiology and homeostasis by creating a cross-talk between the host and microbiome via metabolites obtained from the host's diet. Drug developers and clinicians rely heavily on therapies that target the microbiota in the management of metabolic diseases, and the gut microbiota is considered the biggest immune organ in the human body. They are highly associated with intestinal immunity and systemic metabolic disorders like CVD and diabetes and are reflected as potential therapeutic targets for the management of metabolic diseases. This review discusses the mechanism and interrelation between the gut microbiome and metabolic disorders. It also highlights the role of the gut microbiome and microbially derived metabolites in the pathophysiological effects related to CVD and diabetes. It also spotlights the reasons that lead to alterations of microbiota composition and the prominence of gut microbiota restoration and targeting approaches as effective treatment strategies in diabetes and CVD. Future research should focus onunderstanding the functional level of some specific microbial pathways that help maintain physiological homeostasis, multi-omics, and develop novel therapeutic strategies that intervene with the gut microbiome for the prevention of CVD and diabetes that contribute to a patient's well-being.