Hao Liu

Objective Outcomes are important clinical study information. Despite progress in automated extraction of PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome) entities from PubMed, rarely are these entities encoded by standard terminology to achieve semantic interoperability. This study aims to evaluate the suitability of the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) and SNOMED-CT in encoding outcome concepts in randomized controlled trial (RCT) abstracts. Materials and Methods We iteratively developed and validated an outcome annotation guideline and manually annotated clinically significant outcome entities in the Results and Conclusions sections of 500 randomly selected RCT abstracts on PubMed. The extracted outcomes were fully, partially, or not mapped to the UMLS via MetaMap based on established heuristics. Manual UMLS browser search was performed for select unmapped outcome entities to further differentiate between UMLS and MetaMap errors. Results Only 44% of 2617 outcome concepts were fully covered in the UMLS, among which 67% were complex concepts that required the combination of 2 or more UMLS concepts to represent them. SNOMED-CT was present as a source in 61% of the fully mapped outcomes. Discussion Domains such as Metabolism and Nutrition, and Infections and Infectious Diseases need expanded outcome concept coverage in the UMLS and MetaMap. Future work is warranted to similarly assess the terminology coverage for P, I, C entities. Conclusion Computational representation of clinical outcomes is important for clinical evidence extraction and appraisal and yet faces challenges from the inherent complexity and lack of coverage of these concepts in UMLS and SNOMED-CT, as demonstrated in this study.