Hironori Watanabe

This study aimed to examine whether observing an expert's action swapped with an observer's face increases corticospinal excitability during combined action observation and motor imagery (AOMI). Twelve young males performed motor imagery of motor tasks with different difficulties while observing the actions of an expert performer and an expert performer with a swapped face. Motor tasks included bilateral wrist dorsiflexion (EASY) and unilateral two‐ball rotating motions (DIFF). During the AOMI of EASY and DIFF, single‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered to the left primary motor cortex, and motor‐evoked potentials (MEPs) were obtained from the extensor carpi ulnaris and first dorsal interosseous muscles of the right upper limb, respectively. Visual analogue scale (VAS) assessed the subjective similarity of the expert performer with the swapped face in the EASY and DIFF to the participants themselves. The MEP amplitude in DIFF was larger in the observation of the expert performer with the swapped face than that of the expert performer ( P = 0.012); however, the corresponding difference was not observed in EASY ( P = 1.000). The relative change in the MEP amplitude from observing the action of the expert performer to that of the expert performer with the swapped face was positively correlated with VAS only in DIFF ( r = 0.644, P = 0.024). These results indicate that observing the action of an expert performer with the observer's face enhances corticospinal excitability during AOMI, depending on the task difficulty and subjective similarity between the expert performer being observed and the observer.