Jennifer Blesh

Agricultural simplification continues to expand at the expense of more diverse forms of agriculture. This simplification, for example, in the form of intensively managed monocultures, poses a risk to keeping the world within safe and just Earth system boundaries. Here, we estimated how agricultural diversification simultaneously affects social and environmental outcomes. Drawing from 24 studies in 11 countries across 2655 farms, we show how five diversification strategies focusing on livestock, crops, soils, noncrop plantings, and water conservation benefit social (e.g., human well-being, yields, and food security) and environmental (e.g., biodiversity, ecosystem services, and reduced environmental externalities) outcomes. We found that applying multiple diversification strategies creates more positive outcomes than individual management strategies alone. To realize these benefits, well-designed policies are needed to incentivize the adoption of multiple diversification strategies in unison.

Legume cover crops are central to an ecological nutrient management approach that can reduce nitrogen (N) losses from agriculture. Diversifying cropping systems with a legume–grass cover crop mixture could further reduce N losses by increasing soil N assimilation and synchronizing N mineralization with N uptake by the following crop. We established four winter cover crop treatments (crimson clover, cereal rye, clover–rye mixture, and weedy fallow control) in an organic grain agroecosystem that had been managed for 30 years with a legume cover crop as the only external N source. We hypothesized that the legume–grass mixture would provide similar inputs of biologically fixed N 2 compared with the sole legume, while reducing N 2 O emissions during decomposition following tillage. We measured cover crop aboveground biomass C:N and clover N 2 fixation, soil inorganic N and N 2 O fluxes throughout the corn growing season following cover crop tillage, and corn N assimilation at harvest. Even with a reduced clover seeding rate in mixture, the clover and mixture treatments had similar fixed N inputs, litter N and C:N, and no differences in cumulative N 2 O emissions. During the first peak flux, N 2 O emissions were 2–5 times higher in clover and mixture relative to rye and fallow, with no differences between clover and mixture. There were no treatment differences at the second N 2 O peak, which followed the first major rain event. We contextualized these findings by calculating a 6‐year partial N mass balance for this agroecosystem, which was slightly negative (−6.8 ± 0.8 kg N ha −1 year −1 ) when accounting for historical mean annual N 2 O emissions and nitrate leaching. Overall, N inputs and harvested N exports were approximately in balance for this legume‐based crop rotation, suggesting that the legacy of ecological nutrient management has promoted efficient N cycling. However, results from our field experiment indicate that short‐term N 2 O flux rates following cover crop incorporation can be high even for a legume–grass mixture. Additional strategies to reduce soil disturbance are therefore needed to further tighten N cycling in organic grain agroecosystems.