Jonathan S. Schilling

Summary Unlike ‘white rot’ (WR) wood‐decomposing fungi that remove lignin to access cellulosic sugars, ‘brown rot’ (BR) fungi selectively extract sugars and leave lignin behind. The relative frequency and distribution of these fungal types (decay modes) have not been thoroughly assessed at a global scale; thus, the fate of one‐third of Earth's aboveground carbon, wood lignin, remains unclear. Using c . 1.5 million fungal sporocarp and c . 30 million tree records from publicly accessible databases, we mapped and compared decay mode and tree type (conifer vs angiosperm) distributions. Additionally, we mined fungal record metadata to assess substrate specificity per decay mode. The global average for BR fungi proportion (BR/(BR + WR records)) was 13% and geographic variation was positively correlated ( R 2 = 0.45) with conifer trees proportion (conifer/(conifer + angiosperm records)). Most BR species (61%) were conifer, rather than angiosperm (22%), specialists. The reverse was true for WR (conifer: 19%; angiosperm: 62%). Global BR proportion patterns were predicted with greater accuracy using the relative distributions of individual tree species ( R 2 = 0.82), rather than tree type. Fungal decay mode distributions can be explained by tree type and, more importantly, tree species distributions, which our data suggest is due to strong substrate specificities.