José Alexandre Bogas

Carbon capture storage and utilization is the main technology for reducing CO2 emissions, accounting for 56% of the overall reduction required to achieve the carbon neutrality of concrete by 2050. Different strategies have been explored in cement-based materials towards this end, namely, in concrete. However, the impact on carbonated concrete differs depending on the moment at which cementitious material comes into contact with CO2, either in terms of CO2 uptake or in terms of its lifetime performance. This paper presents three leading strategies that rely on the direct carbonation of a cementitious binder to reduce the carbon footprint. For each strategy, the effect of the carbonation process on the kinetics and microstructure of cementitious paste, the estimation of its carbon capture capability and the application feasibility are discussed. Accelerated carbonation curing is one approach widely studied by academics. However, despite some CO2 capture effectiveness, its industrial processing is still a long way off. A second strategy consists of incorporating CO2 during the mixing process, which has been shown to speed up the hardening reactions of cement. However, this effect is of short term and may negatively affect its long-term performance. Finally, the carbonation of hydrated cement waste is shown to be a very promising strategy that enables the recycling of hydrated cement waste as a supplementary cementitious material which also has a potentially high CO2 uptake. The integrated analysis of the three strategies highlights a wide variability in the reduction of CO2 emissions from 1% to 37% in relation to current emissions, where the best result was achieved using carbonated waste (third strategy) in the production of a concrete subjected to carbonation curing (first strategy).