Kimberley S. Samkoe

Background Imaging‐based navigation technologies require static referencing between the target anatomy and the optical sensors. Imaging‐based navigation is therefore well suited to operations involving bony anatomy; however, these technologies have not translated to soft‐tissue surgery. We sought to determine if fluorescence imaging complement conventional, radiological imaging‐based navigation to guide the dissection of soft‐tissue phantom tumors. Methods Using a human tissue‐simulating model, we created tumor phantoms with physiologically accurate optical density and contrast concentrations. Phantoms were dissected using all possible combinations of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance, and fluorescence imaging; controls were included. The data were margin accuracy, margin status, tumor spatial alignment, and dissection duration. Results Margin accuracy was higher for combined navigation modalities compared to individual navigation modalities, and accuracy was highest with combined CT and fluorescence navigation ( p = 0.045). Margin status improved with combined CT and fluorescence imaging. Conclusions At present, imaging‐based navigation has limited application in guiding soft‐tissue tumor operations due to its inability to compensate for positional changes during surgery. This study indicates that fluorescence guidance enhances the accuracy of imaging‐based navigation and may be best viewed as a synergistic technology, rather than a competing one.