K.M. Khedher

Current research studies offer an investigation of machine learning methods used for forecasting rainfall in urban metropolitan cities. Time series data, distinguished by their temporal complexities, are exploited using a unique data segmentation approach, providing discrete training, validation, and testing sets. Two unique models are created: Model-1, which is based on daily data, and Model-2, which is based on weekly data. A variety of performance criteria are used to rigorously analyze these models. CatBoost, XGBoost, Lasso, Ridge, Linear Regression, and LGBM are among the algorithms under consideration. This research study provides insights into their predictive abilities, revealing significant trends across the training, validation, and testing phases. The results show that ensemble-based algorithms, particularly CatBoost and XGBoost, outperform in both models. CatBoost emerged as the model of choice throughout all assessment stages, including training, validation, and testing. The MAE was 0.00077, the RMSE was 0.0010, the RMSPE was 0.49, and the R2 was 0.99, confirming CatBoost’s unrivaled ability to identify deep temporal intricacies within daily rainfall patterns. Both models had an R2 of 0.99, indicating their remarkable ability to predict weekly rainfall trends. Significant results for XGBoost included an MAE of 0.02 and an RMSE of 0.10, indicating their ability to handle longer time intervals. The predictive performance of Lasso, Ridge, and Linear Regression varies. Scatter plots demonstrate the robustness of CatBoost and XGBoost by demonstrating their capacity to sustain consistently low prediction errors across the dataset. This study emphasizes the potential to transform urban meteorology and planning, improve decision-making through precise rainfall forecasts, and contribute to disaster preparedness measures.

This paper investigates the properties and results of (Q,L)-fuzzy soft subhemirings ((Q,L)-FSSHR) of a hemiring R. The motivation behind this study is to utilize the concept of L-fuzzy soft set of a hemiring and to derive a few specific outcomes on (Q, L)-FSSHR. The concepts of strongest Q-fuzzy soft set relation, Q-isomorphism, pseudo-Q-fuzzy soft coset, and some of their related properties are implemented while analyzing the results. Finally, the properties are verified with a numerical example from the 2000 AMS subject classification: 05C38, 05A15, and 15A18.