Maria Pia PAROLI

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a genetically predisposed, female-predominant disease, characterized by multiple organ damage, that in its most severe forms can be life-threatening. The pathogenesis of SLE is complex and involves cells of both innate and adaptive immunity. The distinguishing feature of SLE is the production of autoantibodies, with the formation of immune complexes that precipitate at the vascular level, causing organ damage. Although progress in understanding the pathogenesis of SLE has been slower than in other rheumatic diseases, new knowledge has recently led to the development of effective targeted therapies, that hold out hope for personalized therapy. However, the new drugs available to date are still an adjunct to conventional therapy, which is known to be toxic in the short and long term. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of the disease and discuss the results obtained from the use of new targeted drugs, with a look at future therapies that may be used in the absence of the current standard of care or may even cure this serious systemic autoimmune disease.

We describe the unusual case of a young woman with tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) with bilateral diffuse uveitis and optic nerve inflammatory involvement since she was a child in the 1990s. Imaging diagnostic tools such as fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT angiography revealed inactive juxtapapillary choroidal neovascularization (CNV) after 25 years of follow-up. After treatment, uveitis went into remission with BCVA 20/20 in both eyes and CNV lesions became inactive. Although anterior uveitis is more frequently reported in TINU, posterior uveitis with inflammatory involvement of the optic nerve should be accurately investigated to rule out juxtapapillary CNV, both at the time of active uveitis and during follow-up, since TINU may be complicated by CNV even at the later stages of the inflammatory process.