Marie-Claire Smith

Background Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is a promising technique for improving upper limb motor performance post-stroke. Its application has been guided by the interhemispheric competition model and typically involves suppression of contralesional motor cortex. However, the bimodal balance recovery model prompts a more tailored application of NIBS based on ipsilesional corticomotor function. Objective To review and assess the application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) protocols that aimed to improve upper limb motor performance after stroke. Methods A PubMed search was conducted for studies published between 1st January 2005 and 1st November 2022 using rTMS to improve upper limb motor performance of human adults after stroke. Studies were grouped according to whether facilitatory or suppressive rTMS was applied to the contralesional hemisphere. Results Of the 492 studies identified, 70 were included in this review. Only 2 studies did not conform to the interhemispheric competition model, and facilitated the contralesional hemisphere. Only 21 out of 70 (30%) studies reported motor evoked potential (MEP) status as a biomarker of ipsilesional corticomotor function. Around half of the studies (37/70, 53%) checked whether rTMS had the expected effect by measuring corticomotor excitability (CME) after application. Conclusion The interhemispheric competition model dominates the application of rTMS post-stroke. The majority of recent and current studies do not consider bimodal balance recovery model for the application of rTMS. Evaluating CME after the application rTMS could confirm that the intervention had the intended neurophysiological effect. Future studies could select patients and apply rTMS protocols based on ipsilesional MEP status.