Martin Wohlwend

Background Decreased ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1) protein levels are a well‐described feature of recessive RYR1 ‐related myopathies. The aim of the present study was twofold: (1) to determine whether RyR1 content is also decreased in other myopathies and (2) to investigate the mechanisms by which decreased RyR1 protein triggers muscular disorders. Methods We used publicly available datasets, muscles from human inflammatory and mitochondrial myopathies, an inducible muscle‐specific RYR1 recessive mouse model and RyR1 knockdown in C2C12 muscle cells to measure RyR1 content and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers. Proteomics, lipidomics, molecular biology and transmission electron microscopy approaches were used to decipher the alterations associated with the reduction of RyR1 protein levels. Results RYR1 transcripts were reduced in muscle samples of patients suffering from necrotizing myopathy ( P = 0.026), inclusion body myopathy ( P = 0.003), polymyositis ( P < 0.001) and juvenile dermatomyositis ( P < 0.001) and in muscle samples of myotonic dystrophy type 2 ( P < 0.001), presymptomatic ( P < 0.001) and symptomatic ( P < 0.001) Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Becker muscular dystrophy ( P = 0.004) and limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A ( P = 0.004). RyR1 protein content was also significantly decreased in inflammatory myopathy (−75%, P < 0.001) and mitochondrial myopathy (−71%, P < 0.001) muscles. Proteomics data showed that depletion of RyR1 protein in C2C12 myoblasts leads to myotubes recapitulating the common molecular alterations observed in myopathies. Mechanistically, RyR1 protein depletion reduces ER–mitochondria contact length (−26%, P < 0.001), Ca 2+ transfer to mitochondria (−48%, P = 0.002) and the mitophagy gene Parkinson protein 2 transcripts ( P = 0.037) and induces mitochondrial accumulation (+99%, P = 0.005) and dysfunction ( P < 0.001). This was associated to the accumulation of deleterious sphingolipid species. Our data showed increased levels of the ER stress marker chaperone‐binding protein/glucose regulated protein 78, GRP78‐Bip, in RyR1 knockdown myotubes (+45%, P = 0.046), in mouse RyR1 recessive muscles (+58%, P = 0.001) and in human inflammatory (+96%, P = 0.006) and mitochondrial (+64%, P = 0.049) myopathy muscles. This was accompanied by increased protein levels of the pro‐apoptotic protein CCAAT‐enhancer‐binding protein homologous protein, CHOP‐DDIT3, in RyR1 knockdown myotubes (+27%, P < 0.001), mouse RyR1 recessive muscles (+63%, P = 0.009), human inflammatory (+50%, P = 0.038) and mitochondrial (+51%, P = 0.035) myopathy muscles. In publicly available datasets, the decrease in RYR1 content in myopathies was also associated to increased ER stress markers and RYR1 transcript levels are inversely correlated with ER stress markers in the control population. Conclusions Decreased RyR1 is commonly observed in myopathies and associat