Naoki Yanagawa

Background Tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) are an immune component of the cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) microenvironment and affect tumor growth. TAMs can polarize into different phenotypes, that is, proinflammatory M1 and anti‐inflammatory M2 macrophages. However, the role of the macrophage phenotype in CMM remains unclear. Methods We examined 88 patients with CMM. Tissue microarrays were constructed, and the density of M1 and M2 macrophages was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Immune cells coexpressing CD68 and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (pSTAT1) were considered M1 macrophages, whereas those coexpressing CD68 and c‐macrophage activating factor (c‐Maf) were defined as M2 macrophages. These TAMs were counted, and the relationships between the density of M1 and M2 macrophages and clinicopathological factors including prognosis were investigated. Results The CD68/c‐Maf score ranged from 0 to 34 (median: 5.5). The patients were divided based on the median score into the CD68/c‐Maf high (≥5.5) and low (<5.5) expression groups. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that CD68/c‐Maf expression was an independent predictive factor for progression‐free survival and an independent prognostic factor for overall survival. CD68/pSTAT1 expression was found in only two patients. Conclusion We suggest that CD68/pSTAT1 coexpression is rarely observed in patients with CMM, and high CD68/c‐Maf expression is a predictor of worse prognosis in these patients.