Niccolò Fattorini

The use of species detection rates gathered from motion‐sensitive cameras as relative abundance indices (RAIs) could be a cost‐effective tool to monitor wildlife populations; however, validations based on comparisons with reference methods are necessary. We considered 3 ungulates, wild boar ( Sus scrofa ), roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus ), and fallow deer ( Dama dama ), and compared 2 different RAIs with independent indices of density obtained through feces counts across 3 summers (2019–2021) in a protected area of central Italy. We estimated the number of detections per day (RAI events ), and the number of individuals per day (RAI individuals ) from remote camera videos. Both indices were correlated with density estimates, yet only RAI individuals correctly ranked interspecific densities. Values of RAI events for the most abundant and gregarious ungulate (i.e., wild boar) were biased low and were lower than those of fallow deer. The uncertainty of RAIs was acceptable for the 2 most abundant study species (CVs ≤ 25%) but was greater for roe deer. At the intra‐specific level, density estimates and RAIs showed comparable but slight inter‐annual variation. Our results support the use of RAIs derived from motion‐sensitive cameras as a promising and cost‐effective tool to monitor ungulate populations, and researchers should incorporate group size into monitoring. We advocate the necessity of field tests based on comparison with locally reliable reference methods to validate the use of motion‐sensitive cameras.