Panoraia I. Siafaka

Background: Hyperuricemia belongs to metabolic syndromes where increased uric acid levels are identified in the blood serum. Such a syndrome could be responsible for kidney stone formation, gout, hypertension, and chronic kidney diseases. It has been reported that cardiovascular risks have been linked with hyperuricemia. Gout is of the most frequent manifestations due to hyperuricemia; its management involves various pharmacological available options and dietary changes. Throughout the literature, various dosage forms are studied as alternative options to the present drug delivery systems. Objective: To update and summarize the current information for gout and hyperuricemia management Methods: Authors have performed a thorough literature research from 2010-2023 using keywords such as hyperuricemia, gout, diagnosis, guidelines, drug delivery and clinical trials. The databases used were PubMed, ScienceDirect. According to our inclusion criteria, all studies which include the previous terms, as well as drugs or other molecules that can be applied for gout and/or hyperuricemia management, were added. Results: In this article, authors have summarized the pathogenesis, diagnosis and updated guidelines for gout and hyperuricemia management. Moreover, the authors have reviewed and discussed current drug delivery systems found in the literature, including drugs targeting the above disorders. Finally, the available clinical trials assessing the efficacy of newer drugs or combinations of the past ones, are being discussed. Conclusion: The available drugs and dosage forms are limited, and therefore, scientific society should focus on the development of more efficient drug delivery systems for hyperuricemia and gout management.

Background: In recent years, numerous scientists have gained interest in nanotechnology- based systems, especially for biomedical applications. Then, nanocarriers present tunable abilities and can be easily functionalized to target specific epithelial cells, tissues, and organs, while various materials can be chosen and generate nanosized particles. At present, nanoparticles that possess bioadhesion have been studied as potent drug carriers since they can easily penetrate and target organs. Objective: Aim of this study was to explore the various applications of the bioadhesive nanoparticles found in the literature. Methods: Authors have studied the literature finding that bioadhesive nanoparticles can be administered via routes such as oral, topical, ocular, dermal, vaginal, etc., according to the clinician’s opinion and treatment choice. Therefore, the knowledge of general characteristics of bioadhesive nanoparticles, the bioadhesion theory, and other properties of nanoparticles should be known for developing innovative bioadhesive drug nanocarriers. Results: In this review article, the authors state the current knowledge of theories. In addition, the present categories of nanoparticles and their basic characteristics are also discussed. Finally, the biomedical applications of bioadhesive nanocarriers and the several administration routes are extensively reviewed. Conclusion: The review article aims to cover the most current bioadhesive nanoparticles for drug delivery to assist any scientist who desires to study or develop innovative bioadhesive formulations.