Peter Hunter

Nociceptive afferent axons innervate the stomach and send signals to the brain and spinal cord. Peripheral nociceptive afferents can be detected with a variety of markers (e.g., substance P [SP] and calcitonin gene‐related peptide [CGRP]). We recently examined the topographical organization and morphology of SP‐immunoreactive (SP‐IR) axons in the whole mouse stomach muscular layer. However, the distribution and morphological structure of CGRP‐IR axons remain unclear. We used immunohistochemistry labeling and applied a combination of imaging techniques, including confocal and Zeiss Imager M2 microscopy, Neurolucida 360 tracing, and integration of axon tracing data into a 3D stomach scaffold to characterize CGRP‐IR axons and terminals in the whole mouse stomach muscular layers. We found that: (1) CGRP‐IR axons formed extensive terminal networks in both ventral and dorsal stomachs. (2) CGRP‐IR axons densely innervated the blood vessels. (3) CGRP‐IR axons ran in parallel with the longitudinal and circular muscles. Some axons ran at angles through the muscular layers. (4) They also formed varicose terminal contacts with individual myenteric ganglion neurons. (5) CGRP‐IR occurred in DiI‐labeled gastric‐projecting neurons in the dorsal root and vagal nodose ganglia, indicating CGRP‐IR axons were visceral afferent axons. (6) CGRP‐IR axons did not colocalize with tyrosine hydroxylase or vesicular acetylcholine transporter axons in the stomach, indicating CGRP‐IR axons were not visceral efferent axons. (7) CGRP‐IR axons were traced and integrated into a 3D stomach scaffold. For the first time, we provided a topographical distribution map of CGRP‐IR axon innervation of the whole stomach muscular layers at the cellular/axonal/varicosity scale.

In this narrative review, we explore developments in the field of computational musculoskeletal model personalization using the Physiome and Musculoskeletal Atlas Projects. Model geometry personalization; statistical shape modeling; and its impact on segmentation, classification, and model creation are explored. Examples include the trapeziometacarpal and tibiofemoral joints, Achilles tendon, gastrocnemius muscle, and pediatric lower limb bones. Finally, a more general approach to model personalization is discussed based on the idea of multiscale personalization called scaffolds.