Philippe C. Baveye

Over the last decades, a new generation of microscale models has been developed to simulate soil microbial activity. An earlier article (Pot et al., 2021) presented a detailed review of the description of soil architecture and microbial dynamics in these models. In the present article, we summarise the main results obtained by these models according to six model outputs: growth and spatial organisation of microbial colonies, soil hydraulic conductivity, coexistence and trophic interactions of microorganisms, temporal dynamics of the amount of solid and dissolved organic matter in soil and, microbial production of CO 2 . For each of these outputs, we draw particular attention to the respective roles of soil architecture and microbial dynamics, and we report how microscale models allow for disentangling and quantifying them. We finally discuss limitations and future directions of microscale models in combination with the on‐going development of high‐performance imaging tools revealing the spatial heterogeneity of the actors of soil microbial activity. Highlights We review the insights on soil functions derived from microscale models of soil microbial processes. Microscale models disentangle the complex interactions between soil architecture and microbial dynamics. Spatial accessibility of resources to microbes, growth and ecological interactions are key factors in soil functions. Translation of knowledge of interactions at the microscopic scale into larger scales is still in its infancy.