Reetta Kälviäinen

Objective Progressive myoclonic epilepsy type 1 (EPM1) is caused by biallelic alterations in the CSTB gene, most commonly dodecamer repeat expansions. Although transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)–induced long‐interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) was previously reported to be normal in EPM1, short‐interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) was reduced. We explored the association between these measures and the clinical and genetic features in a separate group of patients with EPM1. Methods TMS combined with electromyography was performed under neuronavigation. LICI was induced with an inter‐stimulus interval (ISI) of 100 ms, and SICI with ISIs of 2 and 3 ms, and their means (mSICIs) were expressed as the ratio of conditioned to unconditioned stimuli. LICI and mSICI were compared between patients and controls. Nonparametric correlation was used to study the association between inhibition and parameters of clinical severity, including the Unified Myoclonus Rating Scale (UMRS); among patients with EPM1 due to biallelic expansion repeats, also the association with the number of repeats was assessed. Results The study protocol was completed in 19 patients (15 with biallelic expansion repeats and 4 compound heterozygotes), and 7 healthy, age‐ and sex‐matched control participants. Compared to controls, patients demonstrated significantly less SICI (median mSICI ratio 1.18 vs 0.38; p < .001). Neither LICI nor SICI was associated with parameters of clinical severity. In participants with biallelic repeat expansions, the number of repeats in the more affected allele (greater repeat number [GRN]) correlated with LICI (rho = 0.872; p < .001) and SICI (rho = 0.689; p = .006). Significance Our results strengthen the finding of deranged γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inhibition in EPM1. LICI and SICI may have use as markers of GABAergic impairment in future trials of disease‐modifying treatment in this condition. Whether a higher number of expansion repeats leads to greater GABAergic impairment warrants further study.