Stefano Martellucci

Schwann cells (SCs) undergo phenotypic transformation and then orchestrate nerve repair following PNS injury. The ligands and receptors that activate and sustain SC transformation remain incompletely understood. Proteins released by injured axons represent important candidates for activating the SC Repair Program. The low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein‐1 (LRP1) is acutely up‐regulated in SCs in response to injury, activating c‐Jun, and promoting SC survival. To identify novel LRP1 ligands released in PNS injury, we applied a discovery‐based approach in which extracellular proteins in the injured nerve were captured using Fc‐fusion proteins containing the ligand‐binding motifs of LRP1 (CCR2 and CCR4). An intracellular neuron‐specific protein, Protein Kinase C and Casein Kinase Substrate in Neurons (PACSIN1) was identified and validated as an LRP1 ligand. Recombinant PACSIN1 activated c‐Jun and ERK1/2 in cultured SCs. Silencing Lrp1 or inhibiting the LRP1 cell‐signaling co‐receptor, the NMDA‐R, blocked the effects of PACSIN1 on c‐Jun and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Intraneural injection of PACSIN1 into crush‐injured sciatic nerves activated c‐Jun in wild‐type mice, but not in mice in which Lrp1 is conditionally deleted in SCs. Transcriptome profiling of SCs revealed that PACSIN1 mediates gene expression events consistent with transformation to the repair phenotype. PACSIN1 promoted SC migration and viability following the TNFα challenge. When Src family kinases were pharmacologically inhibited or the receptor tyrosine kinase, TrkC, was genetically silenced or pharmacologically inhibited, PACSIN1 failed to induce cell signaling and prevent SC death. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that PACSIN1 is a novel axon‐derived LRP1 ligand that activates SC repair signaling by transactivating TrkC.