Stijn A. A. Massar

The motivation to avoid losses is often considered a strong drive of human behavior, affecting decisions in the context of risk, temporal delay, and effort provision. However, studies measuring cognitive performance under loss and gain incentives have yielded mixed findings. In a recent study, we found evidence that losses motivated better working memory performance than gains. Since these results deviated from previous studies, we decided to perform a preregistered, high‐powered, replication, and extension study. Eighty‐six participants performed a working memory task (N‐Back) under Gain and Loss conditions. Pupillometry was recorded during task performance, and subjective effort ratings were taken after each task run. Results showed that contrary to our previous findings, losses did not enhance working memory performance, relative to gains, at any N‐Back level. Similarly, while pupil diameter was parametrically modulated by working memory load, no differences between the Gain and Loss conditions were found. Participants did believe that they were exerting more effort during Loss versus Gain conditions, regardless of N‐Back level. However, this did not translate to performance differences between Gain and Loss conditions.