Tin Lam Toh

Devising a plan is an important phase in the teaching and learning of mathematical problem-solving in a mathematics classroom. In this paper, we propose devise a plan (DP) model for scaffolding students in devising a plan to engage them in mathematical problem-solving for classroom instruction and beyond. Although mathematics educators have proposed problem-solving scaffold, mainly building on Polya’s (1945) and Schoenfeld’s (1985) problem-solving models, for authentic problem-solving in the classroom, the phase on devising a plan was generally brief. We expand on the scaffolding of the intermediate stages of devising the plan for teachers to teach problem-solving, with a more ambitious goal of enabling students to engage in independent problem-solving beyond the classrooms. Features that are used in the planning stage of problem-solving are identified through a systematic literature review. Our proposed DP model includes the use of both metacognitive strategies and problem-solving heuristics. The application of our proposed model was exemplified by the solution of three non-routine problem on proportionality.