Ayman Hussien Alfeel

Heart and blood vessel disorders, such as coronary heart disease, brain vessel disease, rheumatic heart disease, and others, are together referred to as cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this study, we sought to determine how mitochondrial Leucine Transfer RNA genes and CVDs are related (MT-L1 and MT-L2). From CVD patients in Peshawar, a total of 27 saliva samples were taken. Leu-tRNA genes expressed by mitochondria were amplified using polymerase chain reaction after DNA was removed. Ten samples were sent for sequencing after PCR and gene cleaning. We obtained all of the sequenced results, which were subsequently aligned and evaluated against the mitochondrial revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS). However, in our sequenced samples, Leu-tRNA MT-L1 and MT-L2 genes were determined to be unaltered. Thus, it is suggested that a large population be taken into account while screening for mutations in the mitochondrial encoded Leu-tRNA MT-L1 and MT-L2 genes of cardiac patients in areas of Pakistan. Additionally, it is recommended that patients with cardiac problems should also have other mitochondrial encoded genes checked for potential mutations. This could result in the identification of genetic markers that could be used for early CVD screening in Pakistan.

Objective: This study is designed to evaluate the relationship between the hematological parameter, vitamin D level along with HbA1C level in type 2 diabetic patients. Material and Methods: The current study is a cross-sectional study that included 150 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged 20 to 79 years. Patients were given a questionnaire that included demographic information, family history, duration of diabetes, and the presence of associated complications. During data analysis, the Mann-Whitney U-test, correlation, and descriptive statistics were used. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: CBC parameters show low RBC, HCT, and Hgb count and increase in RDW value among T2DM individuals. WBCs and monocytes count were insignificant statistically (P= 0.925, P= 0.084), but showed a weak positive correlation which could be used as an inflammation marker. In addition, most of the T2DM were having vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) around 72.7% and occurs more in patients suffering from the diabetic disease for more than 5 years. Conclusions: This study highlights that T2DM patients could have one or more diabetes related complications at the time of diagnosis. Anemia was common among T2DM patients, especially patients with poorly controlled HbA1c because of diabetic nephropathy that affects the production of EPO. The study results demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency is common among T2DM patients. Therefore, it is recommended to screen and treat vitamin D deficiency for individuals whose diabetes risk is increased.

Background and aim: Obesity is one of the main factors that lead to development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with the prevalence of both increasing worldwide. Obesity is a modifiable risk factor related with many complications and comorbidities. This study aims to evaluate the level of Resistine, Fasting Blood Glucose and Adiponectin compare with the BMI in Insulin Resistance females with Type2 diabetes. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional - case-control study, the target population is a total 205 Sudanese females were recruited to participate in this study, aged 35-64 years, venous blood samples were collected. Plasma levels of blood glucose were measured using the particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay method Cobas C-311®.While Adiponectin and Resistine estimated by ELISA Kits. Anthropometric measurements, including height and weight, were taken using standard protocols. BMI was calculated as weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters squared). Results: Observed from these results significant difference between the means of fasting blood glucose (FBG), adiponectin, esistine and BMI compared with different group classified according to WHO body mass index (BMI) Classification. FBG in underweight (125 ± 15.9), FBG in healthy weight (127 ± 16.7),FBG in overweight (153 ± 19.2) , FBG in obesity (169 ± 20.7), FBG in sever obesity(189 ± 23.7),, P = 0.037, adiponectin in underweight (12.3 ± 1.1),adiponectin in healthy weight (11.2 ± 1.9), adiponectin in overweight (9.7 ± 1.6), adiponectin in obesity (6.1 ±1.5),adiponectin in sever obesity (6.8 ± 1.9), P = 0.043, resistine in underweight (11.6 ± 1.9) , resistine in healthy weight (12.8 ± 1.1), resistine in overweight (14.2 ± 2.7) resistine in obesity (18.2 ± 2.9), resistine in sever obesity (19.1 ± 3.4) , P = 0.021, BMI in underweight(16.5 ± 1.9), BMI in healthy weight (18.3 ± 1.7),BMI in overweight (26.1 ± 2.2),BMI in obesity (30.4 ± 3.7),BMI in sever obesity (40.1 ± 4.0), P = 0.006). In this study, the results show strong negative Correlation between the levels of serum Adiponectin and Fasting Blood Glucose. (P.value = 0.013, r = -7.9), Adiponectin and Resistine. (P.value = 0.019, r = -6.6). In the other side strong positive Correlation between the levels of serum Resistine and Fasting Blood Glucose. (P.value = 0.015, r = 6.0). Observed from this results negative Relationship between the mean of BMI compared with the history of the patient/ years. Conclusion: This study concluded that BMI effected on Adipocytokines levels and Increased risk of insulin resistance in females with Type2 diabetes by increased the level of resistine, fasting blood glucose and reduced of adiponectin in different groups classified according to WHO body mass index (BMI) Classification.