Baruch Fischhoff

Objective We test the effects of three aids on individuals’ ability to detect social bots among Twitter personas: a bot indicator score, a training video, and a warning. Background Detecting social bots can prevent online deception. We use a simulated social media task to evaluate three aids. Method Lay participants judged whether each of 60 Twitter personas was a human or social bot in a simulated online environment, using agreement between three machine learning algorithms to estimate the probability of each persona being a bot. Experiment 1 compared a control group and two intervention groups, one provided a bot indicator score for each tweet; the other provided a warning about social bots. Experiment 2 compared a control group and two intervention groups, one receiving the bot indicator scores and the other a training video, focused on heuristics for identifying social bots. Results The bot indicator score intervention improved predictive performance and reduced overconfidence in both experiments. The training video was also effective, although somewhat less so. The warning had no effect. Participants rarely reported willingness to share content for a persona that they labeled as a bot, even when they agreed with it. Conclusions Informative interventions improved social bot detection; warning alone did not. Application We offer an experimental testbed and methodology that can be used to evaluate and refine interventions designed to reduce vulnerability to social bots. We show the value of two interventions that could be applied in many settings.