David Hurwitz

The flashing yellow arrow (FYA) indication has become commonly used for communicating permissive left-turn operations to road users. A conventional signal phasing communicated to left-turning drivers consists of a leading protected phase followed by a permissive phase using a FYA indication, often referred to as protected-permissive. To transition from the protected to the permissive phase, change (steady yellow arrow) and clearance (steady red arrow, all-red) intervals, or only a change interval, may be used. There is no specific guidance on the use of clearance intervals for left turns with protected-permissive phase and FYA indication. In this study, field data were collected from different geographical regions in the United States to evaluate change and clearance intervals with the objective of developing guidance. Video data were recorded at 37 intersections during peak hours, for approximately 142 h, across eight states. Overall, 4,001 observations of vehicles turning left during the change or clearance interval were analyzed. Field observations were evaluated at the approach level to assess left-turn violation rate and violations per cycle as a function of change and clearance interval configuration. At the individual vehicle level, logistic regression was implemented to evaluate the effect of change interval and clearance interval duration, delayed onset of FYA, and regional variation. The results of the analysis at the approach and individual vehicle level were consistent and indicate that: (i) a clearance interval should be included, (ii) delaying the onset of FYA indication with an extension beyond the all-red clearance interval would reduce left-turn signal violations, and (iii) duration of change intervals has a marginal impact on left-turn signal violations.