Johanna M. A. Pijnenborg

Background Fifteen percent of patients with endometrial cancer (EC) have advanced stage disease or develop a recurrence. Progestins have been applied as systemic treatment for decades, but there is limited evidence on response prediction with biomarkers and toxicity. Objectives To review the response and toxicity of progestin therapy and stratify response to progesterone receptor (PR) expression and tumour grade. Search strategy We used the search terms ‘Endometrial cancer’, ‘Progestins’, ‘Disease progression’, ‘Recurrence’ and related terms in Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane databases. Selection criteria Studies on patients with advanced stage or recurrent EC treated with progestin monotherapy were included. Studies on adjuvant therapy, with fewer than ten cases and with sarcoma histology were excluded. Data collection and analysis Evaluation for bias was performed with the Revised Cochrane RoB2 tool for randomised studies and the ROBINS‐I tool for non‐randomised studies. A random effects meta‐analysis was performed with the overall response rate (ORR), clinical benefit rate and toxicity as primary outcome measures. Main results Twenty‐six studies (1639 patients) were included. The ORR of progestin therapy was 30% (95% CI 25–36), the clinical benefit rate was 52% (95% CI 42–61). In PR‐positive EC, the ORR was 55%, compared with 12% in PR‐negative disease (risk difference 43%, 95% CI 15–71). Severe toxicity occurred in 6.5%. Conclusions Progestin therapy is a viable treatment option in patients with advanced stage and recurrent EC with low toxicity and high ORR in PR‐positive disease. The role of PR expression in relation to progression‐free survival and overall survival is unclear.