Patrick Kiefer

Beta-lactam antibiotics are widely used to treat infections caused by the important human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus . Resistance to beta-lactams, as found in methicillin-resistant S. aureus , renders effective treatment difficult. The second messenger cyclic di-3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) promotes beta-lactam resistance in clinical S. aureus isolates. C-di-AMP plays a crucial role in the regulation of cellular processes such as virulence, cell wall homeostasis, and resistance to beta-lactams in many bacterial species. In S. aureus, c-di-AMP synthesis is mediated by the diadenylate cyclase DacA, while its degradation is carried out by the phosphodiesterases GdpP and Pde2. In this work, we assessed the effect of altered c-di-AMP levels due to mutations in dacA , gdpP, or gdpP/pde2 on virulence determinants. We report that a previously described growth defect in bacteria producing high c-di-AMP levels is mainly attributable to smaller cell size. High c-di-AMP levels also led to decreased survival upon oxidative stress, reduced production of the antioxidant staphyloxanthin, increased oxacillin and fosfomycin resistance, and increased cell wall thickness. While resistance to ceftaroline was not affected, high c-di-AMP levels promoted tolerance to this antibiotic. In response to cell wall stress induced by antibiotics, the three-component regulatory system VraTSR mediates an increase in cell wall synthesis via the cell wall stress stimulon (CWSS). Increased c-di-AMP levels led to an activation of the CWSS. Upon deletion of vraR , resistance to oxacillin and fosfomycin as well as cell wall thickness diminished in the Δ gdpP mutant, indicating a contribution of the VraTSR system to the cell wall related phenotypes. IMPORTANCE Antibiotic resistance and tolerance are substantial healthcare-related problems, hampering effective treatment of bacterial infections. Mutations in the phosphodiesterase GdpP, which degrades cyclic di-3′, 5′-adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP), have recently been associated with resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates. In this study, we show that high c-di-AMP levels decreased the cell size and increased the cell wall thickness in S. aureus mutant strains. As a consequence, an increase in resistance to cell wall targeting antibiotics, such as oxacillin and fosfomycin as well as in tolerance to ceftaroline, a cephalosporine used to treat methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections, was observed. These findings underline the importance of investigating the role of c-di-AMP in the development of tolerance and resistance to antibiotics in order to optimize treatment in the clinical setting.